Ògbóni (Òsùgbó in Ijèbú)
Ògbóni — also known as Òsùgbó among the Ijèbú — is a fraternal institution indigenous to the Yoruba-speaking polities of Nigeria, the Republic of Bénin, and Togo.
It serves both political and religious roles, influencing monarchs, acting as a high court for capital offenses, and representing the nobility in Yoruba kingdoms.
The Iwarefa
- Each Ògbóni lodge is headed by six principal officers called Iwarefa (Iware Mefa, “The Six Wise Elders”).
- These elders are the most powerful figures in the community the lodge serves.
- They form the inner advisory council to the king or viceroyal chieftain.
Influence
- Present in centralized kingdoms (e.g., Oyo) and decentralized communities (e.g., Ègbá, Èkìtì).
- In Oyo, they checked the authority of the Oyo Mesi.
- Among the Ègbá, they held supreme political authority, selecting rulers who were often symbolic figureheads.
- Their belief system centers on:
- Veneration of Ilè (personified Earth) or Odùduwà.
- Gerontocracy (rule by elders).
- Benevolent community service.
- In modern Yorubaland, their influence remains strong due to the historic prestige of their chieftaincies, even if formal political authority has waned.
Art and Symbols
- Historically, major patrons of brass jewelry and sculpture in pre-colonial Yorubaland.
- Brass symbolized immortality due to its rust-resistant qualities.
- The most notable symbol: Edan Ògbóni
- A pair of male and female figures joined by a chain, worn around the neck.
- Represents the union of sexes in procreation and balanced society.
- Often depicted with one hand gripping the opposite thumb — the Ògbóni handsign for initiation and membership.
Legacy
- Inspired modern fraternal groups such as:
- Reformed Ogboni Fraternity
- Aborigine Ogboni Fraternity
- Elements of Ogboni symbolism and insignia are incorporated into these organizations.
See Also
- Secret society
- List of confraternities in Nigeria
- Confraternities in Nigeria
- Reformed Ogboni Fraternity